Scope and evidence
This audit covers the original research register for Central & eastern Europe defence drone coverage audit. The review below records work completed on 21 September 2026. Resolved means the named research task was addressed, not that every national programme or undisclosed capability is catalogued. Partially resolved topics now have published evidence but retain a narrower question.
Poland — Resolved
GLADIUS 2 / WARMATE 30. Replaced secondary-only uncertainty with WB Group’s 8 September 2026 release confirming the named design and Polish order. Added WARMATE 30/GLADIUS 2 and separately announced WARMATE 8X; no older-family range figures were inherited.
Czech Republic — Resolved
Primoco One 150. Added One 150 using 2026 corporate reporting and the 2025 certification release. Separated sales from deliveries, flight distance from datalink reach, and present surveillance configuration from proposed integrations.
Greece — Partially resolved
LOTUS. Added a LOTUS development profile using the exchange-filed certification-process release and the manufacturer’s 2025 presentation. No primary completion certificate, first-flight milestone or accepted fleet was established.
Latvia — Partially resolved
Penguin C Mk2 / Mk2X conventional-launch family. Added the conventional Penguin C Mk2 with current filing figures and its own customer history. A Mk2X-specific technical baseline is still needed before suffix-level specifications can be merged.
Serbia — Partially resolved
Vrabac and IKA-20. Added Vrabac and IKA-20 using official military descriptions and PR-DC’s family page. Versioned mass/endurance tables, Vrabac producer responsibilities and current acceptance quantities remain unresolved.
Estonia — Partially resolved
EOS C VTOL operator and configuration register. Deepened EOS C with a named Dutch Army operator, mass and overall dimensions from the May 2025 Defence account. The complete operator register and reconciliation of operator-specific versus current manufacturer figures remain open.
Ukraine — Partially resolved
New adoptions, small manufacturers and field variants. Added TALION, Tsyklop, Dovbush T40 and F-Drones LITAVR from June–August 2026 MoD records. The profiles distinguish authorisation-only evidence from explicitly reported delivery/use and retain undisclosed makers as unknown.
Russia — Partially resolved
Variant identities, current production and reported projects. Added Kalashnikov Karakurt and Goliath families from 2024 military-trial and 2025–September 2026 exhibition sources. Current marketing identity is documented, but suffix variants and claimed newer generations do not inherit an unsourced common specification table.
Open research register
These are editorial research tasks, not confirmed capabilities. Remove or revise each row when the evidence has been published.
Greece · Air · High priority
LOTUS first-flight and completed certification evidence
Added a LOTUS development profile using the exchange-filed certification-process release and the manufacturer’s 2025 presentation. No primary completion certificate, first-flight milestone or accepted fleet was established.
Latvia · Air · Medium priority
Penguin C Mk2X versioned specification baseline
Added the conventional Penguin C Mk2 with current filing figures and its own customer history. A Mk2X-specific technical baseline is still needed before suffix-level specifications can be merged.
Serbia · Air · High priority
Serbian small-aircraft specifications and acceptance quantities
Added Vrabac and IKA-20 using official military descriptions and PR-DC’s family page. Versioned mass/endurance tables, Vrabac producer responsibilities and current acceptance quantities remain unresolved.
Estonia · Air · Medium priority
EOS C complete operator and version register
Deepened EOS C with a named Dutch Army operator, mass and overall dimensions from the May 2025 Defence account. The complete operator register and reconciliation of operator-specific versus current manufacturer figures remain open.
Ukraine · Air · High priority
Remaining Ukrainian adoptions and unidentified manufacturers
Identify TALION, Tsyklop and Dovbush T40 makers through primary disclosures; obtain configuration and delivery evidence rather than filling gaps from similarly named products. Continue later official adoptions, reusable derivatives, generic FPV names and smaller developers; the large codification total is not a public named census.
Russia · Air · High priority
Russian small-aircraft configurations, cargo/interceptors and current delivery evidence
Recover original Kalashnikov product sheets for Karakurt/Goliath suffix and 2.0 configurations; the direct product endpoint returned 403 in this review. Verify named military acceptance and distinguish civil export orders. Cargo, interceptor and locally renamed families beyond this batch remain priorities.
Publication history
- — Reviewed every original topic; published supported additions and replaced broad gaps with the remaining evidence questions.
- — Published a regional country review and editable register of remaining research gaps.
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Follow the evidence
Source types identify who makes the claim. Programme milestones and supplier statements should be read in context.
- Intracom exchange-filed LOTUS certification-process announcement, 30 January 2023 (opens in a new tab)Company regulatory announcement
- UAV Factory / Redwire Penguin C Mk2 validation and delivery release, 4 November 2020 (opens in a new tab)Manufacturer
- Serbian Ministry of Defence IKA-20 description (opens in a new tab)Government / operator
- Dutch Defence EOS C operator account, 20 May 2025 (opens in a new tab)Government / operator
- Ukraine MoD: TALION authorisation, 30 June 2026 (opens in a new tab)Government
- Rostec: Karakurt and Legioner trials, 17 September 2024 (opens in a new tab)Manufacturer
- GLADIUS 2 / WARMATE 30 — research starting point (opens in a new tab)Research lead; see audit qualification
- Primoco One 150 — research starting point (opens in a new tab)Research lead; see audit qualification
- LOTUS — research starting point (opens in a new tab)Research lead; see audit qualification
- Penguin C Mk2 / Mk2X conventional-launch family — research starting point (opens in a new tab)Research lead; see audit qualification
- EOS C VTOL operator and configuration register — research starting point (opens in a new tab)Research lead; see audit qualification